History Of Science And Technology

Science and Technology has been around from the beginning of time. It evolved from the everyday efforts of people trying to improve their way of life. Throughout history, humankind has developed and utilized tools, machines, and techniques without understanding how or why they worked or comprehending their physical or chemical composition. Before we go any further a definition has to be given for both Science and Technology because they are both different in their own right even though the two are almost indistinguishable.
 According to the Oxford Dictionary Technology can be defined as the knowledge or use of the mechanical arts and applied sciences, while Science can be defined as the branch of knowledge involving systematized observation and experiment. Science can be further divided into three separate categories; Pure, Applied and Natural Sciences. In addition technology is often defined as applied science, it is simply the application of scientific knowledge to achieve a specific human purpose, however, historical evidence suggests technology is a product of science.Today there are many technological advancement to enhance our daily activities, whether it be as simple as an Ipod for entertainment purposes or as vital as an artificial heart for the survival of a human live, science and technology is the reason for its existence.

Science and Technology can be traced from the origin of human life 2 million years ago and each era has significant advancement. The earliest known form of S&T were human artefacts found during prehistoric time about 2.3 million years ago, they were roughly shaped stones used for chopping and scraping, found primarily in eastern Africa. Some of the earliest record of science came from Mesopotamian cultures around 400 BC, disease symptoms, chemical substances and astronomical observations were some of the evidence of emerging science. During the same period in the Nile Valley of Egypt information on the treatment of wounds and diseases and even some the mathematical calculations you are currently doing now in fifth form such as angles, rectangles, triangles and the volume of a portion of a pyramid have been around for thousands of years.

From 300-400 BC there was a rise in philosophers who wrote topics on psychology, biology, psychology and a host of others. There was Euclid the founder of modern geometry, Archimedes the founder of engineering mechanics who calculated a value for pi which we still use up to this very day and he also invented the first water pump.

Also in 300 B.C., Aristarchus proposed that the earth revolves around the sun and calculated the diameter of the earth. Some early forms of technology were the control of fire, the creation of wheel as a mean of transportation and the discovery of metal. Fire is one of the biggest discoveries in human kind, by maintaining fire obtained by natural source such as striking flint against stone to produce sparks, early men were able to bake clay pots which were used to cook, and also use the fire as a mean of light source and heat. 


3000 B.C. gave rise to the Bronze Age were in the search of finding pigments used to colour human skin, copper was discovered, then it was realized that if alloying copper with tin resulted into bronze which in those days were used to make swords and other weaponry and today we use it to build machinery, medals, statue, belt and shoe buckle. By 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia, two-wheeled carts had been created and it became the most frequently used mode of transporting heavy goods from one place to another. Urbanization is the development of large city, and the first city popped up around 3000BC, this meant that persons found a way to implement a system to communicate and transport them self with ease. In Egypt during this same time the first pyramid was built. Pyramids are undoubtedly the most outstanding development in Science and Technology and are still a marvel up to this very day. 

Now to a period that you should be familiar with from your earlier studies of History, the Middle Ages in 450 -1450 AD. This period gave birth to many scientific and technological development regardless of the fact that it was one of the darkest era in history. New Developments could be found in many countries ranging from Africa to Meso-America. In West Africa which at the time was very wealthy, the Dogon people discovered the Sirius Star System with their naked eyes and in Tanzania steel was being melted and forged into different forms with temperature reaching up to 1800 Celsius which at the time was a huge advancement. In south and Central America the indigenous people had put in place an impressive irrigation system to cultivate their crops especially maze which was a source of livelihood for them. 
During this same period huge progress had been made in Mathematics from China and India. Equations had been formulated for the calculation of Algebra by using matrices and arithmetic triangle, which as fifth form students you must be very familiar with because it will be coming on your upcoming CSEC examination. It is so cool to see that some of the things we still use in or way of life such as mathematical equations is still influenced by things invented hundreds of years ago and will still be used in years to come. 


Also during the Middle Ages which is most often call the Dark Ages, warfare had improved tremendously gone were the days when soldiers fought with out any form of armour for protection and bow and arrow and swords were the only means of weapon. About 500 AD lance and saddle was invented to catapult large stone and other missiles during war, heavier armour made out a metal were built for protection, larger horses were being breed which in those time with help soldiers to move quickly to lance an attack on their enemies and also retreat more quickly. Castles were being built with elaborate designs to aid as a defence in any attack upon it. One huge invention was the introduction of gunpowder by the Chinese that resulted in the manufacture of guns and cannon which revolutionized warfare forever.

There were also other major invention during that period such as plows with wheel and three-field crop rotation which was to aid the agriculture sector to make it more productive. In the area of transportation spring carriage was design to transport people and goods to longer distance at a quicker rate. The first horse shoe was developed in this era and this protected horse from being injured easily from stones and other objects. The Renaissance Era in Europe that began in 1450 and lasted until 1600 AD was the period known as rebirth of knowledge. In Germany, Gutenberg developed the printing press which resulted in books being printed instead of huge volume of texts being hand written which would mean that there was now a boom in the amount of books being accessible to the public.

 In Italy, Leonardo Da Vinci a great pioneer in Arts, architecture, engineer and science stressed the importance of experiment. Aside from being a great painter and a passable lute player he had an unquenchable curiosity about the world. He produced a vast series of notebooks with observations on anatomy, cloud formations, plans for cities, military inventions, tanks, flying machines and submarines. Copernicus re-discovered what some of the Ancient Greeks had known; that the sun was at the centre of the solar system, and that the earth revolved around it. The era also gave way to geographic discovery beginning with the invention of the triangle sail and magnetic compass. This aid Prince Henry the Navigator to travel around South Africa, Portugal, to reach to India and was around the same time Columbus reached the Americas. 

Modern Science and Technology started around 1600 AD. Galileo was the first to use modern scientific methods based on experiment and testable observations. In 1608 some spectacle makers from Flanders came to the Republic of Venice, where Galileo was staying, with their new invention, a spyglass for identifying ships well before they entered a harbour. Galileo heard about it and promptly set about figuring out how it worked. He not only succeeded in constructing his own spyglass, but went on to build a second one with the magnification stepped up by eight, and finally thirty times which is now known as the telescope and he was able to discover craters and mountains on the moon. He later invented the microscope and the thermometer. Kepler elaborated on Galileo's ideas and established three laws which showed the motion of the planets. 
Isaac Newton was born in 1642.

This was the same year as the death of Galileo, he along with Albert Einstein are considered two of the greatest scientist that ever lived. Newton helped define the laws of gravity and planetary motion, co-founded the field of calculus, and explained laws of light and colour, among many other discoveries. A famous story says that Newton uncovered the laws of gravity after being hit on the head by a falling apple. There is no proof that this story is really true. Albert Einstein became the most famous scientist of the 20th century, his work had a profound impact on everything from quantum theory to nuclear power and the atom bomb, he also came up with the famous equation e=mc² used in Calculus. 

In terms of modern technology, the industrial revolution brought about the beginning of factories being built to produce goods at massive quantity. In the late 1800 the light bulb began to replace candle and oil lamps. Can u believe that little Jamaica was one of the first place to receive light by electricity. The twentieth century gave birth to the radio, the first car to run with engine power, the first man went to space in a rocket and a host of other invention. It was also the beginning of the communication, electronic and computer era. 

There seems no end in sight to the discovery of new technologies. Today, of course, it touches every aspect of our lives. Our world could not exist without it. It all began with the use of fire, stone tools and agriculture, we took our first steps along the path of science. It is for you the new generation to continue to carry the torch of those great scientist and technologist who came before you and continue to pave the way with innovative inventions to continue to make our way of life easier. S & T is a tool that works well, but like any tool it should not be misused.